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1: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Sep 1;178(5):534-41. Epub 2008 Jun 19.
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Growth differentiation factor-15 in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Nickel N, Kempf T, Tapken H, Tongers J, Laenger F, Lehmann U, Golpon H, Olsson K, Wilkins MR, Gibbs JS, Hoeper MM, Wollert KC.

Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.

RATIONALE: Growth-differentiation factor (GDF)-15 is a stress-responsive, transforming growth factor-beta-related cytokine. Circulating levels of GDF-15 provide independent prognostic information in patients with acute pulmonary embolism and chronic left-sided heart failure. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prognostic value of GDF-15 in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. METHODS: GDF-15 levels were determined in 76 treatment-naive patients at the time of baseline right heart catheterization. Patients were monitored for a median (range) of 48 (0-101) months (first cohort). Twenty-two additional patients were studied at baseline and 3 to 6 months after initiation of therapy (second cohort). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Fifty-five percent of the patients in the first cohort presented with GDF-15 levels above 1,200 ng/L, the previously defined upper reference limit. The risk of death or transplantation at 3 years was 15 and 44% in patients with GDF-15 levels below or above 1,200 ng/L, respectively (P = 0.006). Elevated levels of GDF-15 were associated with increased mean right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, a lower mixed venous oxygen saturation (Sv(O(2))), and higher levels of uric acid and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). After adjustment for hemodynamic and biochemical variables, GDF-15 remained an independent predictor of adverse outcomes (P = 0.002). GDF-15 provided prognostic information in clinically relevant patient subgroups, and added prognostic information to hemodynamic variables and NT-proBNP. Changes in GDF-15 over time in the second cohort were related to changes in NT-proBNP (P = 0.031) and inversely related to changes in Sv(O(2)) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: GDF-15 is a promising new biomarker in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.

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PMID: 18565955 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]